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11. What are the supplemental tests to help establish the diagnosis of AD?

Brain MRI: structural MRI, functional MRI are used to test task-dependent hippocampal or parahippocampal activations and precuneus or posterior cingulate deactivations, regional grey matter reductions.

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) test: lumbar punctures are performed to test CSF Aβ1–42, total tau and phospho-tau concentrations, and plasma Aβ1–42 concentrations and Aβ1–42:Aβ1–40 ratios.

Amyloid PET: Amyloid PET has emerged as a non-invasive neuroimaging technique for visualizing the accumulation of fibrillar amyloid-beta in the living human brain. Among several proposed radioligand tracers, Pittsburgh compound-B (PiB) has gained worldwide acceptance as a standard amyloid PET probe in a very short period because of its strong impact.

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